Scientific methodology

All scientific knowledge is born from an observation that raises a set of questions. This first step can take several forms: facts, models, theories, representations, or beliefs.

From these observations, a clear and precise problem emerges — this is the research question.

Example: the sea is blue, why?

A key step in the scientific process, formulating a hypothesis consists in proposing one or more possible answers to a research question, based on an existing theory.

The hypothesis may be partial, incorrect, or even naïve: this is not a problem. It does not seek to predict a result, but to guide reflection in an attempt to explain an observed phenomenon. It naturally follows from prior observation and directs the rest of the investigation.

Example : the sea is blue because it reflects the fish that live in it.

To validate or invalidate a hypothesis, it must be confronted with reality through experimentation. This consists in recreating a simplified version of the system under study. For example, an aquarium to simulate the ocean, a group of people to represent a population, or a shortened period to observe a long-term phenomenon.

The objective is to test the hypothesis under controlled and reproducible conditions. An experiment is only considered valid if it is repeated several times with consistent results.

Example : I observe the color of aquarium water with or without fish.

Once the experiment has been carried out, the results must be examined. If several tests have been conducted, they must be compared to verify that they lead to the same result.

The data obtained are then organized and presented in the form of tables, graphs, diagrams, or texts, in order to facilitate their interpretation. Researchers also use statistical tools to assess the robustness of their results and draw reliable conclusions.

Example: the water in the experimental aquariums is just as blue with or without fish.

Once the results have been analyzed, they must be compared to the initial hypothesis. Do they confirm the initial assumption, or do they refute it?

If the results support the hypothesis, it is considered validated. Otherwise, it is rejected, which may lead to reformulating it or considering new experiments.

Example: The presence of fish has no effect on the color of the water.

A conclusion brings the scientific process to a close. It consists of summarizing the key steps: the initial question, the hypothesis, the experiments carried out, and the interpretation of the results.

This perspective makes it possible to draw a rule, a definition, a theory, or a model. The conclusion thus gives coherence and scope to the knowledge produced.

Example: We wanted to know if the sea was blue because of the fish. We therefore conducted an experiment with and without fish, without observing any difference. Our hypothesis is therefore rejected.